Table of Contents

Table of Contents 

Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. iii
Preface……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… v
Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. vii

Chapter

1 Research, Its Importance and Classification…………………………………………… 1
Importance of Research in Daily Life…………………………………………………………. 1
Definition of Research……………………………………………………………………………….. 2
Qualities of a Good Research……………………………………………………………………… 3
Research Skills……………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
Research Process………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
Parts of a Research Paper…………………………………………………………………………… 7
Prefatory Pages…………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
Report Proper………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
Final Pages…………………………………………………………………………………………… 8
Classification of Research ………………………………………………………………………….. 8
Ethics of Research………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
Exercises 1…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
DIY Activity……………………………………………………………………………………. 17

2 Qualitative Research: Value, Nature and Classification………………………. 19
Definition of Qualitative Research……………………………………………………………… 19
Value and Application of Qualitative Research ………………………………………….. 20
Classification of Qualitative Research………………………………………………………… 22
Characteristics of Qualitative Research………………………………………………………. 22
Differences between Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research………… 25
Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Research ……………………………………. 26
Quantitative Method………………………………………………………………………………….. 27
Sample of an Ethnographic Study………………………………………………………………. 27
Exercises 2…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35
DIY Activity……………………………………………………………………………………………… 40

3 Research Topic and Statement of the Problem………………………………………… 41
Research Topics in the Areas of Inquiry……………………………………………………… 41
Sample and Content…………………………………………………………………………….. 42
Case Studies…………………………………………………………………………………………. 42
Individual Experiences………………………………………………………………………… 42
Perspective Taking……………………………………………………………………………….. 42
Criteria in Selecting Topics………………………………………………………………………… 43
Writing Research Questions…………………………………………………………………. 44
Areas of Concern…………………………………………………………………………………. 45
Questions Should in Some Way. . ………………………………………………………… 45
Characteristics of a Good Research Question:……………………………………… 45
From Research Problem to Research Questions and Purpose…………………….. 45
Operationalize……………………………………………………………………………………………. 46
Expanding Simple Research Questions………………………………………………………. 46
A Few Good Wording Tips*………………………………………………………………………. 46
Writing Chapter 1 of the Research Paper……………………………………………………. 47
Exercises 3……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 51
DIY Activity……………………………………………………………………………………. 56

4 Review of Related Literature……………………………………………………………………. 57
Using the Library and Selecting Materials for Related Literature………………… 57
Classification of General References…………………………………………………………… 59
Criteria in Selecting Materials for Related Literature………………………………….. 60
Documenting the Paper……………………………………………………………………………… 60
Electronic Formats………………………………………………………………………………. 63
Writing Citations…………………………………………………………………………………. 65
Writing Review of Literature………………………………………………………………………. 67
Summarizing and Paraphrasing…………………………………………………………………. 68
Synthesizing Related Literature………………………………………………………………….. 69
Ethical Standards in Writing the Review of Related Literature……………………. 70
Exercises 4……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 73
DIY Activity……………………………………………………………………………………………… 79

5 Research Designs and Sampling Procedure……………………………………………. 81
Designs of Qualitative Research…………………………………………………………………. 81
Description of Sample ……………………………………………………………………………….. 82
Sampling Procedures…………………………………………………………………………………. 82
Sample Types for Qualitative Research………………………………………………………. 85
Exercises 5……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 87
DIY Activity……………………………………………………………………………………………… 91
6 Data Collection…………………………………………………………………………… 93
Collection of Data……………………………………………………………………………………… 93
Writing the Draft ………………………………………………………………………………………. 100
Copy Reading and Proofreading………………………………………………………………… 100
Exercises 6……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 103
DIY Activity……………………………………………………………………………………………… 110

7 Data Analysis and Presentation…………………………………………………….. 111
Inferencing and Explaining Patterns and Themes from Data……………………… 111
Reporting Textual Information………………………………………………………………….. 117
Presenting Non-Textual Information…………………………………………………………. 125
Visual or Graphic Aids………………………………………………………………………………. 125
Classification of Graphic Aids……………………………………………………………………. 126
Plant Layout…………………………………………………………………………………………. 131
Drawing/Illustration……………………………………………………………………………. 132
Flow Chart………………………………………………………………………………………….. 132
Figure Chart………………………………………………………………………………………… 136
Exercises 7……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 137
DIY Activity……………………………………………………………………………………………… 142

8 Writing Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations……. 143
Summary of Findings…………………………………………………………………………………. 143
Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 144
Recommendations……………………………………………………………………………………… 144
List of References……………………………………………………………………………………….. 144
Exercises 8……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 153
DIY Activity……………………………………………………………………………………………… 158

9 Selection and Presentation of Best Design…………………………………………. 159
Criteria in Evaluating Research Design………………………………………………………. 159
Presentation of Research Design………………………………………………………………… 160
“The Phenomenology of SAPI: A Clinical Perspective”
by John Val B. dela Cruz……………………………………………………………… 162
Exercises 9……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 169
DIY Activity……………………………………………………………………………………………… 174
Appendices
Appendix A—A Phenomenological Study (A Qualitative Research Study
Submitted by UE Senior High School Students)………………………………. 175
Appendix B—Field Notes Referring to the Students of English 111
by Jesus Z. Menoy……………………………………………………………………………….. 247
Appendix C—Report on Colt Observation of English 111 Students
by Jesus Z. Menoy……………………………………………………………………………….. 250
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 253