Table of Contents

Table of Contents 

Preface………………………………………………………………………………………… iii

Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………. v

Chapters

I Introduction to Literature and Literary Types…….. 1

Genres and Characteristics of Literature………………………… 2

Elements of Poetry………………………………………………………… 3

Classification of Poems………………………………………………….. 12

Sample of a Free Verse

“To Make a Marriage Last” (Jess Meneses)………………….. 15

Sample of a Poem with Rhyme and Vertical Measure

“A Tribute to My Mother” (Jesus Z. Menoy)……………….. 16

Sample of a Rondeau

“When a Loved One Has Gone” (Jess Meneses)………….. 16

Sample of a Triolet

“Death Is a Thief at Night” (Jay Mendez)……………………. 17

Sample of a Villanelle

”The Day You Passed Away” (Jay Mendez)………………… 17

Sample of an Acrostic Poem, Panegyric Poem,

and Shakespearean Sonnet

“Goodbye, Father” (Jesus Z. Menoy)……………………… 18

Sample of a Shape Poem………………………………………………… 18

Classification of Short Stories………………………………………… 19

Classification of Novels………………………………………………….. 20

Elements of a Narrative………………………………………………….. 22

Differences Between a Short Story and a Novel……………… 26

Elements of an Essay……………………………………………………… 27

Differences Between a Formal Essay and

an Informal Essay……………………………………………………… 27

Classification of Essays…………………………………………………… 28

A Sample of an Editorial Essay………………………………………. 29

Exercises……………………………………………………………………….. 31

II An Anthology of Philippine Literature

Selected Readings

All about Me: Discovering Oneself and Projecting

a Positive Self-Image…………………………………………….. 47

“Unpretty” (Khatrina Bonagua)……………………………. 48

Exercise 2.1………………………………………………………….. 51

“The Left-Handers Are Few and Unique!”……………. 53

(Isagani Casimiro)

Exercise 2.2………………………………………………………….. 55

“Resolving Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Once and For All” (Jose Ma. H. Zaldarriaga)….. 57

Exercise 2.3………………………………………………………….. 61

“10 Health Benefits of a Good Night’s Sleep”………… 63

(Jose Ma. H. Zaldarriaga)

Exercise 2.4………………………………………………………….. 67

“12 Rules You Can Live By” …………………………………. 69

Exercise 2.5………………………………………………………….. 71

All about Family and Other Relations:

Breaking Social Barriers……………………………………….. 73

“Touch” (Lakambini Sitoy)…………………………………… 74

Exercise 2.6………………………………………………………….. 81

“First Fruits” (Elsa M. Coscolluela)……………………….. 83

Exercise 2.7………………………………………………………….. 101

“Why Every OFW Should Have

a Facebook Account” (Susan V. Ople)…………….. 103

Exercise 2.8………………………………………………………….. 107

“Say ‘Thank You’ (Always) and

Feel Good and Happy” (Isagani Casimiro)……………. 109

Exercise 2.9………………………………………………………….. 111

All about School and Work: Instilling Good

Behavior THrough Education……………………………….. 113

“All College Professors Must Be Reading Teachers”…… 113

(Esther L. Baraceros)

Exercise 2.10……………………………………………………………… 119

“Education Gives Luster to the Motherland”……………… 121

(Jose P. Rizal)

Exercise 2.11……………………………………………………………… 125

“Turning Back and Moving Forward”……………………….. 127

(Ligaya Tiamson-Rubin)

Exercise 2.12……………………………………………………………… 139

All about Culture: Promoting Cultural Awareness

and Understanding……………………………………………………. 141

“Periods of Philippine Literature” (Jesus Z. Menoy) …… 141

Exercise 2.13……………………………………………………………… 149

“Blind Alleys” (Crispin Ramos)………………………………….. 153

Exercise 2.14……………………………………………………………… 173

“Why Filipinos Have Flat Noses” (Anonymous)…………. 175

Exercise 2.15……………………………………………………………… 177

“Song of My Seven Loves” (Maranaw)………………………. 179

Exercise 2.16……………………………………………………………… 181

All about Country: Rekindling Nationalistic Spirit………… 183

“Undelivered Speech of Sen. Benigno Aquino”………….. 183

Exercise 2.17……………………………………………………………… 187

“Press(ured) Freedom” (Khatrina Bonagua)………………. 189

Exercise 2.18……………………………………………………………… 193

“The Filipino Hero of the New Millennium”……………… 195

(John Manalo)

Exercise 2.19……………………………………………………………… 199

All about the Environment: Caring for the World…………. 201

“English: A Tool for World Unity and

Global Understanding” (James Manuel) ………………. 201

Exercise 2.20……………………………………………………………… 205

“The Sign of the Sea Gulls” (Jesus T. Peralta)……………… 207

Exercise 2.21……………………………………………………………… 221

“A Mother’s Cry for Help” (Julius Matias)………………….. 223

Exercise 2.22……………………………………………………………… 225

“How the Internet Has Changed the World”……………… 227

(Susan V. Ople)

Exercise 2.23……………………………………………………………… 231

All about God: Strengthening Faith

in the Supreme Being………………………………………………… 233

“Judas Iscariot Could Have Been Saved”……………………. 233

(Cymbeline Refalda-Villamin)

Exercise 2.24……………………………………………………………… 237

“Power and Pride sans Prejudice” (Jack Mendez)……….. 239

Exercise 2.25……………………………………………………………… 241

“A Journey with the Lord” (Jesus Z. Menoy)……………….. 243

Exercise 2.26……………………………………………………………… 247

“The Woman in the Box” (Jose Dalisay, Jr.)………………… 249

Exercise 2.27……………………………………………………………… 261

III Approaches to the Study of Literature

and Literary Criticism

Approaches to the Study of Literature……………………….. 263

Approaches to Literary Criticism………………………………. 265

Exercise…………………………………………………………………….. 269

Appendix : Figures of Speech…………………………………………………… 271

Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………………. 277