Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Unit I
Chapter 1
Ethics: The Basic Concepts………………………………………………………………… 3
What are Moral Standards?…………………………………………………………………. 7
Moral Dilemmas…………………………………………………………………………………. 9
Three Levels of Moral Dilemma in the Workplace……………………………….. 11
Freedom as Foundation of Ethics………………………………………………………… 13
Chapter Summary……………………………………………………………………………… 13
Keywords……………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
Worksheet 1.1……………………………………………………………………………………. 15
Worksheet 1.2……………………………………………………………………………………. 17
Worksheet 1.3……………………………………………………………………………………. 19
Worksheet 1.4……………………………………………………………………………………. 21
OBE Project……………………………………………………………………………………….. 22

Unit II
Chapter 2
Ethics and Culture……………………………………………………………………. 25
Culture and Our Moral Behavior…………………………………………………………. 27
The Filipino Way…………………………………………………………………………………. 29
Functions of Culture……………………………………………………………………………. 30
Cultural Relativism: Different Strokes for Different Folks……………………. 30
Moral Relativism…………………………………………………………………………………. 31
Cultural Relativism vis-a-vis Ethnocentrism……………………………………….. 32
Cultural Relativism: Its Strength and Weaknesses………………………………… 33
Cultural Tolerance……………………………………………………………………………….. 34
Chapter Summary……………………………………………………………………………… 36
Keywords……………………………………………………………………………………………. 36
Worksheet 2.1……………………………………………………………………………………. 37
Worksheet 2.2……………………………………………………………………………………. 39
Worksheet 2.3……………………………………………………………………………………. 41
Worksheet 2.4……………………………………………………………………………………. 43
OBE Project……………………………………………………………………………………….. 44

Chapter 3 How Is Moral Character Developed?…………………………………………. 45
Activity……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 46
Factors Affecting Moral Character Development…………………………………. 47
Stages of Moral Development………………………………………………………………. 49
Morality in Today’s Generation……………………………………………………………. 51
Unit Summary……………………………………………………………………………………. 53
Keywords……………………………………………………………………………………………. 53
Worksheet 3.1……………………………………………………………………………………. 55
Activity Worksheet 3.2……………………………………………………………………… 57
Activity Worksheet 3.3……………………………………………………………………… 59

Unit III
Chapter 4 The Ethics of Sentiment, Reason, and Courage………………………….. 63
Sentiment and Moral Decision-Making………………………………………………. 65
Feelings and Reason in Star Trek…………………………………………………………. 66
Reason and Impartiality………………………………………………………………………. 67
The Moral Impetus of Impartiality………………………………………………………. 68
Reason and Impartialy in the First Amendment Defense Act………………. 69
The Seven-Step Guide to Moral Reasoning………………………………………….. 69
Moral Courage…………………………………………………………………………………….. 71
What Separates Vice from Virtue?……………………………………………………….. 71
Courage Defined…………………………………………………………………………………. 71
Physical and Moral Courage………………………………………………………………… 72
Moral Courage: “Determinants” and Factors……………………………………….. 73
Supposed Determinants………………………………………………………………………. 73
Fostering Factors…………………………………………………………………………………. 74
The Moral Imperative of the Will………………………………………………………… 74
Kant’s Postulates………………………………………………………………………………….. 74
Will According to Schopenhauer…………………………………………………………. 75
Aquinas and Royce……………………………………………………………………………… 75
Unit Summary……………………………………………………………………………………. 76
Keywords……………………………………………………………………………………………. 76
Worksheet 4.1……………………………………………………………………………………. 77
Worksheet 4.2……………………………………………………………………………………. 79
Worksheet 4.3……………………………………………………………………………………. 81
Worksheet 4.4……………………………………………………………………………………. 83
OBE Project……………………………………………………………………………….. 88

Unit IV
Chapter 5
Virtue Ethics: What Sort of Person Ought I To Be?………………….. 91
ARISTOTLE 384–322, Greece…………………………………………………………….. 94
Telos/End……………………………………………………………………………………………. 94
Virtue as a Habit………………………………………………………………………………….. 95
St. Thomas of Aquinas 1225–1274, Italy………………………………………………. 97
Background…………………………………………………………………………………………. 97
Natural Law…………………………………………………………………………………………. 97
The Natural and Its Tenets…………………………………………………………………… 98
Happiness as Constitutive of Moral and Cardinal Virtues……………………. 98
Chapter Summary……………………………………………………………………………… 99
Keywords……………………………………………………………………………………………. 99
Worksheet 5.1……………………………………………………………………………………. 101
Worksheet 5.2……………………………………………………………………………………. 103
Worksheet 5.3……………………………………………………………………………………. 105

Chapter 6 Deontology…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 109
Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombings…………………………………………………….. 111
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804, Germany)………………………………………………. 112
Background…………………………………………………………………………………………. 112
Kant and Duty‐Based Theories……………………………………………………………. 112
Good Will……………………………………………………………………………………………. 113
Categorical Imperative………………………………………………………………………… 115
Robin Hood’s Case………………………………………………………………………………. 117
Two Different Kinds of Rights (What is Legal is Not Always Moral)……. 117
Informed Consent: Rights of the Dying and Rights of the Family………… 118
Chapter Summary……………………………………………………………………………… 118
Keywords……………………………………………………………………………………………. 118
Worksheet 6.1……………………………………………………………………………………. 119
Worksheet 6.2……………………………………………………………………………………. 121
OBE: Phillippine Policies: Fail or Pass?…………………………………………….. 123

Chapter 7 Utilitarianism…………………………………………………………………………………………… 125
Story: War on Drugs……………………………………………………………………………. 127
Origins and Nature of the THeory………………………………………………………… 128
Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832, England)………………………………………………. 128
John Stuart Mill (1806–1873, England)……………………………………………….. 130
Utilitarianism in Business: Balancing Profit and Cost………………………….. 132
Worksheet 7.1……………………………………………………………………………………. 135
Worksheet 7.2……………………………………………………………………………………. 137
Worksheet 7.3……………………………………………………………………………………. 139
OBE PROJECT: I am a Senator………………………………………………………….. 141

Chapter 8 Justice and Fairness Promoting the Common Good………………… 143
Taxation………………………………………………………………………………………………. 145
Justice and Fairness……………………………………………………………………………… 145
Some Thoughts on Justice……………………………………………………………………. 148
Egalitarianism……………………………………………………………………………………… 148
Capitalism…………………………………………………………………………………………… 149
Socialism…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 150
Chapter Summary………………………………………………………………………. 152
Keywords……………………………………………………………………………………………. 152
Worksheet 8.1……………………………………………………………………………………. 153
Worksheet 8.2……………………………………………………………………………………. 155
OBE Project: Debate………………………………………………………………………….. 156

Unit V
Chapter 9 Ethics Through Thick and Thin……………………………………………………. 159
Globalization in History………………………………………………………………………. 161
Globalization Defined…………………………………………………………………………. 162
Globalization and Its Ethical Challenges……………………………………………… 163
Globalization and Pluralism: New Challenges to Ethics………………………. 163
Ethics and Universal Values…………………………………………………………………. 166
Millennials and Filinnials: Ethical Challenges and Responses……………… 167
Ethics and Religion……………………………………………………………………………… 169
The Religious Response: The Role of Religion in Ethics……………………….. 171
Coping with the Challenges of Globalization………………………………………. 172
Unit Summary……………………………………………………………………………………. 173
Keywords……………………………………………………………………………………………. 174
Worksheet 9.1……………………………………………………………………………………. 175
Worksheet 9.2……………………………………………………………………………………. 179
Worksheet 9.3……………………………………………………………………………………. 181
Worksheet 9.4……………………………………………………………………………………. 183
OBE Project: I am a Senator………………………………………………………………. 185

Chapter 10 Social Media Ethics……………………………………………………………….. 189
Activity 1…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 190
What is Social Media?…………………………………………………………………………. 191
Our Roles in Social Media…………………………………………………………………… 192
Our Role as Content Provider……………………………………………………………… 193
Our Role as Audience………………………………………………………………………….. 193
Popular Social Media Platforms…………………………………………………………… 194
“FRIENDS”………………………………………………………………………………….. 194
Facebook……………………………………………………………………………………… 194
Twitter………………………………………………………………………………………….. 195
Hashtag (#)…………………………………………………………………………………… 196
Broadcast Yourself! (Youtube)……………………………………………………… 198
Blogging………………………………………………………………………………………………. 199
Blogger’s Code of Ethics………………………………………………………………………. 199
Social Media Ethics……………………………………………………………………………… 202
Ethical Considerations in Our Role in Social Media……………………………. 203
Worksheet 10.1………………………………………………………………………….. 205
Worksheet 10.2………………………………………………………………………….. 207
Worksheet 10.3………………………………………………………………………….. 209
Worksheet 10.4………………………………………………………………………….. 211
Worksheet 10.5………………………………………………………………………….. 213
OBE Project……………………………………………………………………………….. 214
Summative Test………………………………………………………………………….. 215

Chapter 11 Social Media Ethics: Fake News…………………………………………………………. 219
News in Social Media………………………………………………………………………….. 221
Fake News…………………………………………………………………………………………… 222
Spotting Fake News……………………………………………………………………………… 225
Links that Identifies Fake News Sites…………………………………………………… 226
Worksheet 11.1………………………………………………………………………………….. 227
Worksheet 11.2………………………………………………………………………………….. 229
Worksheet 11.3………………………………………………………………………………….. 231
Worksheet 11.4………………………………………………………………………………….. 233
OBE Project……………………………………………………………………………………….. 234

References………………………………………………………………………………………. 235