Table of Contents

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 The Nature and Relevance of Research……………………………. 1
The Meaning of Research………………………………………………………………… 2
Characteristics of Research……………………………………………………………… 2
The Value of Research……………………………………………………………………… 3
The Types of Research……………………………………………………………………… 4
The Research Process………………………………………………………………………. 6
Chapter Review………………………………………………………………………………… 8
Exercise No. 1…………………………………………………………………………………… 9
Research Practicum 1……………………………………………………………………….. 13

CHAPTER 2 Reviewing the Literature……………………………………………. 15
Purposes of the Review……………………………………………………………………. 16
Requisites for Doing the Review………………………………………………………. 16
Guidelines in Doing the Review………………………………………………………. 17
Writing the Review………………………………………………………………………….. 17
Presenting the Review……………………………………………………………………… 17
Preparing the Research Abstract……………………………………………………… 18
Chapter Review………………………………………………………………………………… 20
Exercise No. 2…………………………………………………………………………………… 21
Research Practicum 2.1…………………………………………………………………….. 23
Research Practicum 2.2…………………………………………………………………….. 25

CHAPTER 3 Focusing on the Research Problem………………………………… 27
Sources of Research Problems…………………………………………………………. 27
Factors to Consider in the Choice of a Research Problem………………… 28
Types of Research Problems…………………………………………………………….. 29
Stating the Research Problem………………………………………………………….. 30
Justifying the Research Problem………………………………………………………. 32
Writing the Title of the Study…………………………………………………………… 32
Chapter Review………………………………………………………………………………… 33
Exercise No. 3…………………………………………………………………………………… 35
Research Practicum 3……………………………………………………………………….. 39

CHAPTER 4 Making the Research Problem Manageable……………………….. 41
Defining Key Terms in the Problem…………………………………………………. 42
Identifying the Variables of the Study………………………………………………. 42
Delimiting Research………………………………………………………………………… 43
Stating Assumptions in Research…………………………………………………….. 44
Stating the Hypothesis of the Study…………………………………………………. 44
Chapter Review………………………………………………………………………………… 46
Exercise No. 4…………………………………………………………………………………… 47
Research Practicum 4……………………………………………………………………….. 51

CHAPTER 5 Developing the Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks
of the Study…………………………………………………………. 55
Formulating the Theoretical Framework………………………………………….. 55
Formulating the Conceptual Framework ………………………………………… 57
Chapter Review………………………………………………………………………………… 60
Exercise No. 5…………………………………………………………………………………… 61
Research Practicum 5……………………………………………………………………….. 63

Chapter 6 Writing and Developing the First Two Chapters
of the Research Proposal…………………………………………… 65
Characteristics of a Research Proposal…………………………………………….. 66
Content and Organization of a Research Proposal…………………………… 66
Writing the Title of the Proposal……………………………………………………… 67
Writing the Section on the Problem and Its Background…………………. 67
Writing the Review of Literature……………………………………………………… 80
Chapter Review………………………………………………………………………………… 88
Exercise No. 6…………………………………………………………………………………… 89
Research Practicum 6……………………………………………………………………….. 91

CHAPTER 7 Selecting the Appropriate Research Design……………………….. 93
The Purpose of the Research Design………………………………………………… 93
Factors to Consider in the Choice of a Research Design………………….. 94
Chapter Review………………………………………………………………………………… 96
Exercise No. 7…………………………………………………………………………………… 97
Research Practicum 7……………………………………………………………………….. 99

CHAPTER 8 Quantitative Research Designs…………………………………….. 101
Survey Research………………………………………………………………………………. 102
Correlational Research…………………………………………………………………….. 104
Experimental Research……………………………………………………………………. 107
Causal-Comparative or Ex-Post Facto Research………………………………. 113
Chapter Review………………………………………………………………………………… 115
Exercise No. 8…………………………………………………………………………………… 117
Research Practicum 9……………………………………………………………………….. 121

CHAPTER 9 Historical and Ethnographic Research Designs……………………. 123
Historical Research………………………………………………………………………….. 124
Ethnographic Research……………………………………………………………………. 126
Chapter Review………………………………………………………………………………… 130
Exercise No. 9…………………………………………………………………………………… 131
Research Practicum 9……………………………………………………………………….. 133

CHAPTER 10 Qualitative Research Designs………………………………………. 135
The Nature of Qualitative Research………………………………………………….. 136
Rationale For Conducting Qualitative Research………………………………. 137
Qualitative versus Quantitative Research…………………………………………. 138
Designing a Qualitative Study………………………………………………………….. 139
Types and Traditions of Qualitative Research………………………………….. 140
Focus Groups………………………………………………………………………………….. 142
Intensive Interviews………………………………………………………………………… 144
Case Studies…………………………………………………………………………………….. 145
Biographical Study…………………………………………………………………………… 146
Phenomenological Study…………………………………………………………………. 147
Grounded Theory……………………………………………………………………………. 148
Maintaining the Validity of Qualitative Research…………………………….. 149
Chapter Review………………………………………………………………………………… 150
Exercise No. 10…………………………………………………………………………………. 151
Research Practicum 10……………………………………………………………………… 155

Chapter 11 Selecting the Participants of the Study…………………………….. 157
Basic Concepts in Sampling…………………………………………………………….. 158
Essential Steps in Sampling……………………………………………………………… 158
Methods of Drawing A Random Sample………………………………………….. 160
Non-Probability Sampling Methods………………………………………………… 162
Factors to Consider in Determining Sample Size…………………………….. 162
Chapter Review………………………………………………………………………………… 164
Exercise No. 11…………………………………………………………………………………. 165
Research Practicum 11……………………………………………………………………… 169

Chapter 12 Developing Procedures and Tools for Data Gathering…………….. 171
Types of Data Needed in Research…………………………………………………… 172
Sources of Data……………………………………………………………………………….. 172
Validity and Reliability in Data Collection……………………………………….. 173
Procedures in Data Collection…………………………………………………………. 173
Chapter Review………………………………………………………………………………… 178
Exercise No. 12…………………………………………………………………………………. 179
Research Practicum 12……………………………………………………………………… 181

Chapter 13 Planning the Analysis and Interpretation of Research Data……….. 183
Types of Data Analyzed in Research………………………………………………… 184
Methods of Analyzing Qualitative Data…………………………………………… 184
Methods of Analyzing Quantitative Data…………………………………………. 185
Analytic Procedures for Quantitative Data………………………………………. 186
Choosing the Appropriate Statistical Tests and Techniques …………….. 187
Factors to Consider…………………………………………………………………………. 187
Some Useful Parametric and Non-Parametric Techniques………………. 189
Chapter Review………………………………………………………………………………… 192
Exercise No. 13…………………………………………………………………………………. 193
Research Practicum 13……………………………………………………………………… 197

Chapter 14 Developing the Last Section of the Proposal………………………. 199
Writing the Section on Research Methodology………………………………… 199
Presenting the Selected Bibliography……………………………………………….. 209
Writing the Curriculum Vitae………………………………………………………….. 210
Chapter Review………………………………………………………………………………… 212
Exercise No. 14…………………………………………………………………………………. 213
Research Practicum 14……………………………………………………………………… 215

Chapter 15 Preparing the Research Report.……………………………………. 221
Conventions in Research Reporting………………………………………………… 221
Style Guide………………………………………………………………………………………. 237
Evaluation of Research Reports……………………………………………………….. 237
Chapter Review………………………………………………………………………………… 238
Exercise No. 15…………………………………………………………………………………. 239
Research Practicum 15……………………………………………………………………… 241
References………………………………………………………………………………………… 243