Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Study of Rizal’s Life, Works and Writings………………… 1
Rizal Law and the Teaching of Rizal Course………………………………………………. 1
Rizal, A True Filipino Hero……………………………………………………………………….. 2
Rizal, Pioneer Asian Nationalist Leader…………………………………………………….. 4
Major Periods in the Life of Rizal………………………………………………………………. 4
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
Exercise 1………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7

Chapter 2 The 19th Century World of Jose Rizal…………………………………………………. 11
Growth and Development of Nationalism…………………………………………………. 11
Rise and Gradual Spread of Liberalism and Democracy……………………………. 12
The Industrial Revolution………………………………………………………………………….. 12
The Advance of Science…………………………………………………………………………….. 13
The Resurgence of Western Imperialism……………………………………………………. 14
Optimism and Confidence in Progress……………………………………………………… 15
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 15
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16
Exercise 2………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17

Chapter 3 Spain and the Philippines in the 19th Century…………………………………… 21
Spain in the 19th Century…………………………………………………………………………. 21
The Philippines During Rizal’s Time………………………………………………………….. 22
Administrative Organization…………………………………………………………………….. 23
The Social Structure of Filipino Society ……………………………………………………. 25
Educational System…………………………………………………………………………………… 25
Economic Situation…………………………………………………………………………………… 26
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 27
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27
Exercise 3………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29

CHAPTER 4 The Dawn of Filipino Nationalism……………………………………………………… 33
Unification of the Philippines Under Spanish Rule……………………………………. 33
Early Resistance to Spanish Rule……………………………………………………………….. 34
The Emergence of the Filipino Sense of Nationhood…………………………………. 34
The Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce ……………………………….. 35
The Rise of the Clase Media………………………………………………………………………. 35
Liberal Regime of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre…………………………………………………… 35
Racial Discrimination……………………………………………………………………………….. 36
Secularization Controversy……………………………………………………………………….. 36
Cavite Mutiny of 1872……………………………………………………………………………….. 37
Rizal and the Cavite Mutiny of 1872………………………………………………………….. 37
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
Exercise 4………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39

CHAPTER 5 Rizal and His Childhood Years at Calamba………………………………………… 43
Calamba at the Time of Rizal’s Birth………………………………………………………….. 43
Birth of the Young Jose …………………………………………………………………………….. 44
Rizal’s Ancestry…………………………………………………………………………………………. 44
Rizal’s Immediate Family…………………………………………………………………………… 44
Childhood Days and Memories…………………………………………………………………. 45
The Story of the Moth and the Flame………………………………………………………… 45
Early Demonstration of Inborn Talents……………………………………………………… 46
The First Taste of Injustice…………………………………………………………………………. 47
Preparations for Formal Schooling……………………………………………………………. 48
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
Exercise 5………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 51

CHAPTER 6 Formal Schooling at a Village School………………………………………………….. 55
Rizal Moves to Biñan…………………………………………………………………………………. 55
First Day at the Village School…………………………………………………………………… 55
Academic Studies at the Village School……………………………………………………… 56
Academic Instruction at the Village School……………………………………………….. 56
Life at Biñan………………………………………………………………………………………………. 56
End of Schooling at the Village School………………………………………………………. 57
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 57
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 57
Exercise 6………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 59

CHAPTER 7 Formal Search for Knowledge at Ateneo Municipal………………………………. 61
Enrollment at Ateneo………………………………………………………………………………… 61
The Atenean System of Education……………………………………………………………… 62
Academic Performance at Ateneo……………………………………………………………… 63
Extra-curricular Activities at Ateneo…………………………………………………………. 63
Literary Works at Ateneo…………………………………………………………………………… 64
Influences of Schooling at Ateneo on Rizal………………………………………………… 70
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 70
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 70
Exercise 7………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 71

CHAPTER 8 Rizal at the Dominican University of the Philippines……………………………. 73
Enrollment at the University of Santo Tomas…………………………………………….. 73
Academic Performance At UST…………………………………………………………………. 74
Liberalism and Filipino Students at UST…………………………………………………… 75
Important Literary Works as a University Student…………………………………….. 76
Student Activism at UST…………………………………………………………………………… 78
First Taste of Spanish Brutality………………………………………………………………….. 78
Decision to Go to Europe………………………………………………………………………….. 79
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 79
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 80
Exercise 8………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 81

CHAPTER 9 Rizal in Peninsular Spain…………………………………………………………………. 85
Rizal’s Secret Departure…………………………………………………………………………….. 85
Itinerary to Spain………………………………………………………………………………………. 85
Rizal in Barcelona……………………………………………………………………………………… 86
El Amor Patrio………………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
Rizal Moves to Madrid………………………………………………………………………………. 88
Rizal and the Filipino Expatriates in Madrid……………………………………………… 88
Rizal Joins the Masonry…………………………………………………………………………….. 90
Rizal’s Affair with Consuelo………………………………………………………………………. 90
Rizal’s Toast to Luna and Hidalgo……………………………………………………………… 90
Doña Teodora’s Reactions on Rizal’s Speech………………………………………………. 92
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 93
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 93
Exercise 9………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 95

CHAPTER 10 Rizal in France and Germany……………………………………………………………. 97
Rizal in Paris (1885-1886)…………………………………………………………………………. 97
Rizal in Heidelberg, Germany……………………………………………………………………. 98
A Las Flores del Heidelberg……………………………………………………………………….. 99
Summer Vacation at Wilhelmsfeld…………………………………………………………….. 100
First Correspondence with Blumentritt…………………………………………………….. 100
Rizal to Leipzig and Dresden…………………………………………………………………….. 100
Rizal in Berlin……………………………………………………………………………………………. 101
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 102
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 102
Exercise 10………………………………………………………………………………………………… 103

CHAPTER 11 Noli Me Tangere: A Diagnosis of Filipino Society…………………………………. 105
A Proposal on Writing a Novel about the Philippines………………………………… 105
Ideas on Writing a Novel About the Philippines………………………………………… 106
The Writing of the Noli Me Tangere………………………………………………………….. 106
The Plot of the Novel…………………………………………………………………………………. 108
The Characters in the Noli Me Tangere……………………………………………………… 111
The Filipino Society as Pictured in the Noli……………………………………………….. 112
Rizal’s Diagnosis of Filipino Society…………………………………………………………… 112
Noli Me Tangere as a Charter of Filipino Nationalism……………………………….. 113
First Reactions to the Noli…………………………………………………………………………. 114
Attacks and Defenses of the Noli Me Tangere……………………………………………. 115
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 117
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 118
Exercise 11………………………………………………………………………………………………… 119

CHAPTER 12 The First Homecoming……………………………………………………………………… 123
Rizal and Viola to Dresden………………………………………………………………………… 123
In Leitmeritz …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 123
In Prague ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 124
In Vienna …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 124
In Lintz and Rheinfall……………………………………………………………………………….. 125
In Switzerland…………………………………………………………………………………………… 125
In Italy………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 125
Rizal, Germany & Blumentritt…………………………………………………………………… 126
Plan to Return to the Philippines ……………………………………………………………… 126
Rizal Arrives in Manila……………………………………………………………………………… 126
Back to Calamba……………………………………………………………………………………….. 127
Terrero Summoned Rizal to Malacañan…………………………………………………….. 127
Calamba Agrarian Problem………………………………………………………………………. 128
Reaction to Mass Eviction…………………………………………………………………………. 128
Trials Rizal Went Through For His Advocacy……………………………………………. 129
A Poem for Lipa………………………………………………………………………………………… 129
Rizal Leaves Calamba for the Second Time……………………………………………….. 130
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 130
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 131
Exercise 12………………………………………………………………………………………………… 133

CHAPTER 13 From Calamba to Europe for the Second Time…………………………………….. 137
Rizal in Hongkong…………………………………………………………………………………….. 137
Rizal in Japan…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 138
Romance with O-Sei-San………………………………………………………………………….. 138
Rizal in the United States of America………………………………………………………… 139
Rizal in London…………………………………………………………………………………………. 140
Founding of Asociacion La Solidaridad…………………………………………………….. 142
Short Visit to Paris and Madrid…………………………………………………………………. 143
Other Writings in London…………………………………………………………………………. 143
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 144
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 144
Exercise 13………………………………………………………………………………………………… 145

CHAPTER 14 Rizal’s Legacy to Young Filipino Women……………………………………………… 149
Rizal’s Letter to the Young Women of Malolos…………………………………………… 149
Rizal’s Message to Filipino Women……………………………………………………………. 150
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 153
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 153
Exercise 14………………………………………………………………………………………………… 155

CHAPTER 15 The Visionary Journalist to Paris and Brussels…………………………………….. 159
Synthesizing Historical Materials About the Philippines……………………………. 159
Rizal and the Exposition of 1889……………………………………………………………….. 160
Other Activities and Accomplishments in Paris………………………………………… 160
Sobre La Indolencia delos Filipinos…………………………………………………………… 161
Filipinas Dentro De Cien Años…………………………………………………………………. 163
Rizal in Brussels………………………………………………………………………………………… 165
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 169
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 170
Exercise 15………………………………………………………………………………………………… 171

CHAPTER 16 The Resolute Propagandist Abdicates Leadership…………………………………. 175
Rizal Seeks Justice For His Family……………………………………………………………… 175
The Death of Jose Maria Panganiban…………………………………………………………. 176
Aborted Duel with Antonio Luna……………………………………………………………… 176
A Duel with Retana…………………………………………………………………………………… 176
The News About the Marriage of Leonor Rivera………………………………………… 176
Rizal’s Break with Del Pilar……………………………………………………………………….. 177
An Affair with Nelly Boustead…………………………………………………………………… 178
To Paris and Brussels Once Again……………………………………………………………… 179
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 179
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 180
Exercise 16………………………………………………………………………………………………… 181

CHAPTER 17 El Filibusterismo: A Revolution that Failed…………………………………………. 183
Rizal in Ghent…………………………………………………………………………………………… 183
The Publication of the El Filibusterismo……………………………………………………. 183
A Comparison of the Noli and Fili…………………………………………………………….. 184
The Synopsis of the El Filibusterismo………………………………………………………… 184
Symbolical Interpretation of the Fili………………………………………………………….. 187
The Message of the Fili………………………………………………………………………………. 188
The Reluctant Revolutionary and His Concept of Independence……………….. 189
Rizal After the Fili……………………………………………………………………………………… 190
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 191
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 191
Exercise 17………………………………………………………………………………………………… 193

CHAPTER 18 Back to Hong Kong and the Philippines………………………………………………. 197
Life in Hong Kong…………………………………………………………………………………….. 197
Reawakening of Interest in Politics……………………………………………………………. 198
The Borneo Colonization Project………………………………………………………………. 198
A Hope for the Realization of the North Borneo Project……………………………. 199
Writings in Hongkong………………………………………………………………………………. 199
Rizal Lays Down the Basis of the La Liga Filipina……………………………………… 199
The Decision to Return to the Philippines…………………………………………………. 200
Back to the Philippines……………………………………………………………………………… 201
The Founding of the La Liga Filipina…………………………………………………………. 201
Rizal Deported to Dapitan………………………………………………………………………… 202
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 202
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 203
Exercise 18………………………………………………………………………………………………… 205

CHAPTER 19 Practical Nationalism in Dapitan………………………………………………………. 209
Dapitan During the Arrival of Rizal………………………………………………………….. 209
Rizal and Captain Carnicero……………………………………………………………………… 209
Rizal Builds His Home at Talisay……………………………………………………………….. 211
Community Leadership in Dapitan…………………………………………………………… 211
Rizal-Pastells Debate on Religion………………………………………………………………. 212
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Rizal and Josephine Bracken……………………………………………………………………… 214
Literary Works at Dapitan…………………………………………………………………………. 216
Rizal’s as An Exile …………………………………………………………………………………….. 218
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 219
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 219
Exercise 19………………………………………………………………………………………………… 221

CHAPTER 20 Rizal and the Revolution of 1896……………………………………………………….. 225
Rizal’s Plea for the Lifting of His Rustication Order…………………………………… 225
Attempts to Win Back Rizal to Catholicism………………………………………………. 226
Attempts to Rescue Rizal from Dapitan…………………………………………………….. 227
Adios Dapitan…………………………………………………………………………………………… 228
The Revolution Breaks Out……………………………………………………………………….. 228
Rizal Sails to Spain for Cuba……………………………………………………………………… 229
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 230
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 231
Exercise 20………………………………………………………………………………………………… 233

CHAPTER 21 The Trial and Martyrdom of Rizal……………………………………………………… 237
The Preliminary Investigation……………………………………………………………………. 237
The Arraignment of Rizal………………………………………………………………………….. 238
The Trial of Rizal……………………………………………………………………………………….. 238
Rizal’s Trial and His Alleged Guilt……………………………………………………………… 240
The Last Remaining Hours on Earth…………………………………………………………. 241
The Execution of a Hero……………………………………………………………………………. 242
The Death March and Execution of Rizal………………………………………………….. 243
Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios…………………………………………………………………………….. 244
On the Issue of Rizal’s Retraction………………………………………………………………. 247
Chapter Review…………………………………………………………………………………………. 249
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 249
Exercise 21………………………………………………………………………………………………… 251